RIRS stands for Retrograde IntraRenal Surgery. It is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to treat kidney stones located within the kidney or upper urinary tract. RIRS is typically performed using a flexible ureteroscope, a thin, flexible tube equipped with a camera and small instruments.

Here’s an overview of how RIRS is performed:

1. Preparation: Before the procedure, the patient may undergo imaging tests such as CT scans or X-rays to determine the size, location, and number of kidney stones. The patient may also be instructed to stop taking certain medications and to fast before the procedure.

2. Anesthesia: RIRS is usually performed under general anesthesia, although in some cases, regional or local anesthesia may be used.

3. Insertion of Ureteroscope: The surgeon inserts the flexible ureteroscope through the urethra and bladder into the ureter, which is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. The ureteroscope is then advanced up into the kidney.

4. Stone Fragmentation: Once the ureteroscope is in position within the kidney, the surgeon identifies the kidney stone using the camera on the ureteroscope. Small instruments, such as laser fibers or pneumatic lithotripsy probes, are then used to break up the stone into smaller pieces. The laser energy or pneumatic energy breaks the stone into fragments, which can then be removed or passed naturally through the urinary tract.

5. Stone Removal: After the stone is fragmented, the surgeon may use additional instruments, such as graspers or baskets, to remove the stone fragments from the kidney. In some cases, a temporary stent may be placed in the ureter to help facilitate the passage of stone fragments and to promote healing.

6. Post-procedure Care: After the procedure, patients are typically monitored in a recovery area until they are awake and stable. Most patients can go home the same day as the procedure. Pain medication and instructions for post-procedure care, including hydration and follow-up appointments, are provided.

RIRS is considered an effective and safe treatment option for kidney stones, particularly for stones that are too large or located in areas that are difficult to access with other methods. It offers several advantages over traditional surgical techniques, including shorter recovery times, reduced risk of complications, and minimal scarring.

However, as with any surgical procedure, there are potential risks and complications associated with RIRS, including bleeding, infection, injury to the urinary tract, and recurrence of kidney stones. It’s essential for patients to discuss the risks and benefits of RIRS with their healthcare provider and to follow all pre- and post-procedure instructions carefully.